KNOWLEDGE

    1. A license may be granted by a party ("licensor") to another party ("licensee") as an element of an agreement between those parties. A shorthand definition of a license is "an authorization (by the licensor) to use the licensed material (by the licensee)." In particular a license may be issued by authorities, to allow an activity that would otherwise be forbidden. It may require paying a fee and/or proving a capability. The requirement may also serve to keep the authorities informed on a type of activity, and to give them the opportunity to set conditions and limitations. 2. Franchising  is the practice of using another firm's successful  business model .  Two important payments are made to a franchisor: (a) a  royalty  for the trade-mark and (b) reimbursement for the training and advisory services given to the franchisee. These two fees may be combined in a single 'management' fee. A...

  Oligopolistic markets are most common form of markets we get to see today. One of the most fierce oligopolistic competition exists in the automobile industry across the world. Duopolistic market with exactly two suppliers is not very common. However, there are number of products that have two dominant suppliers plus a few smaller ones. For example, in aerated soft drinks market, Coca Cola and Pepsi represent two dominant suppliers in many countries. True Monopoly generally exist only in government controlled markets. For example provision of civic services such as sewage disposal is generally monopoly of local self government bodies such as municipal corporations. Railways is a government monopoly in India.For instance, a government can create a monopoly over an industry that it wants to control, such as electricity. Another reason for the barriers against entry into a monopolistic industry is that oftentimes, ...

  In January 2000, in a historic step, the government decided to award 74 per cent equity in Modern Foods to HUL , thereby beginning the divestment of government equity in public sector undertakings (PSU) to private sector partners. __._,_.___ __,_._,___

  Accountability of the Lokpal Jan Lokpal: Any Citizen can go and complaint to Supreme Court to remove a Lokpal if the Lokpal is not found to be accountable in his/her actions. Government Lokpal: Only Government has the power to remove a Lokpal. So according to government's draft, if government appoints a corrupt person as the Lokpal, then people have no way of seeking the removal of such a Lokpal. But in case of Jan Lokpal, I or you can go to the court and demand that the Lokpal be removed if we are able to provide justification for that removal. Corruption allegations against Lokpal Members Jan Lokpal: Complaints of corruption against Lokpal members will be heard by an independent authority. Government Lokpal: Lokpal itself will hear complaints of corruption against its members! Which is more accountable? Lokpal hearing complaints against its own members? Or an independent authority acting on these complaints? Probe corrupti...

  Oligopoly - Game Theory   "When I am getting ready to reason with a man I spend one-third of my time thinking about myself and what I am going to say, and two-thirds thinking about him and what he is going to say."  Abraham Lincoln A game occurs when there are two or more interacting decision-takers (players) and each decision or combination of decisions involves a particular outcome (pay-off.) The fate (or the payoff) of a player in a game depends not only on the actions of that player but also on the other players! The Monty Hall problem! Suppose you're on a game show, and you're given the choice of three doors. Behind one door is a car, behind the others, goats. You pick a door, say number 1, and the host, who knows what's behind the doors, opens another door, say number 3, which has a goat. He says to you, "Do you want to pick door number 2?" Is it to your advantage to switch your choice of doo...

  Mountain Dew - Packaging - the new innovative ways- A Pepsi Way Recently in the Indian market we have been witnessing a lot of company's trying to alter the Product as a P from the marketing mix of 4 P's available with them and in the product too recently I witnessed two new and innovations from one of the biggest marketer's of the FMCG world, these are from the stable of Pepsi with a brand new package being launched for a limited amount of time for its soft drink specifically positioned for youth who love to lead an adventurous life with the Mountain Dew coming in a brand new avtaar in the form of a bottle that is made from a material which glows in the nights i.e. a new neon package has been launched by the firm for a limited amount of time and the other one is the launch of Rocket pack on the occasion of Diwali as a gift pack option. The innovation being introduced by Mountain Dew brand of Pepsi Co is one of its ...

  Below are the other details of the Lokpal Bill discussed: * CBI not to be under Lokpal's purview * Body to have not more than eight members * 50% panel quota for weak sections, minorities, women * PM to head 5-member Lokpal selection committee * Body to have enquiry, prosecution wings * Body may authorise search, seizures in graft probe * Can moot transfer, suspension of government officials * Panel can not probe its Chairman, other officials * Members can be removed on President's recommendation * Flippant complainants can get up to one year jail, fine __._,_.___ __,_._,___